There are 5 simple cannons of persuasion, invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery. These five cannons woke in almost any situation wether it's a speech to your country or to a presentation for your book club there cannons will help you along the way. First think of what you wanna say. Second select how to order you presentation. Third determine in what manor you'll say it. Fourth remember your speech you don't wanna look like a fool in front of your peers. Fifth deliver the speech in such a manor that the audience will understand and inspire them,
There are 7 seven deadly sins, talked about in this chapter, first is the false comparison, the doughnut has purple and purple Is a fruit, therefore you should eat the doughnut. Second, the bad example, seeing all those crimes on tv makes me want to lock up my kids and never let them out. The examples don't support the conclusion. Because the crime rate isn't as high as the portray it. Third. Ignorance as proof, it's a sin by assuming that examples cover all possible out comes or examples an mistake called falacy or ignorance. Ex there's nothing wrong with you, the tests came back negative. But they didn't test for everything only for few things so something might be wrong. Fourth the tautology one of the most boring fallacies, just repeats the premise. "The Cowboys are favored to win since they're the better team". The proff and the conclusion agree perfectly and there lies the promblem. Fifth sin, The false choice, Do you support government-financed abortions and the woman's right to chose? This is a kind of fallacy called many questions in which two or more issues get merged to one. The proper response," I support a woman's right to choose government free abortions". Sixth sin, the red herring, this is an argument completely out of context thrown in the argument to distract the opponent. The seventh deadly sin, the wrong ending, it's an ending that makes no sense when the argument is over. Ex affirmative action is needed because campuses are so white. True most college campuses are Caucasian but the has nothing to do with the argument. These are the seven deadly sins, The way to control an argument is by using 4 simple tips, deduction, enthymeme, induction, and fact/comparasion/story. Let people know what works for you and for your situations, and they might l listen. Second when you wanna win an argument use logic and cold hard facts, you have more of an intellectual look. Use if and than statements to make since or to better help your argument. Or use enthymeme, meaning take out the if than part and go straight to your point. ex, if babies go for sports cars and if you go for babes, then you should buy a sports car. Now look at the statement with enthymeme in it, babies go for sports cars, you should go buy one. Short and simple, these are just some of the techniques used to know how argue. The third ethos set is, disinterested goodwill, or you could call it " caring". In the old days politicians would get elected by there selflessness or caring, the ones you didn't show it wouldn't get elected. To show your disinterested you have to make your audience believe in your selflessness by being wholly objective or nobly self-sacrificing. Or another words argue about the opposite of what you want. Act as if the choice will affect you personally. Ex " look, kid I hate the Brussels sprouts too. But I've learned to eat them because they make me smart." Another tip or trick to use is dubitatio, act like more of an honest man not as skilled and smart but trustworthy, not an skillful, untrusting one. In the 5th chapter I learned you have to have an ethos that matches with the audiences expectations, to be a creditable source or to make them believe you. Then I found out the meaning of decorum, the art of fitting in anywhere. Decorum tells the audience, do as I say and as I do. One other thing I learned is when speaking to an audience it helps to dress slightly better than the average memeber, to distinguish yourself. Also to show proper decorum you have to act the preserved way the audience would want you. What I learned from the first chapter is, we argue everyday in our lives, even if we don't notice. Arguments are all around you in the shows you whatch, the commercials, the books you read, the texts you send its in everything, you can't ignore it. I also read that Rhetoric is in art of influence, friendship and eloquence. Rhetoric is an element that each one of the greatest minds of our times have used before. Rhetoric helped shape our constitution, that led to our freedom. But soon it faded in the 1800's not many people even know what it is, luckily it is still taught around a few colleges and universities. Virtue, virtue is the thing that makes your audience believe you and them share the same values. Virtue is basically the same thing as having a cause, a cause that moves people to believe in the same thing you do. But using virtue correctly is a whole other thing, using it means you have to be self sacrificing have loyalty and having good values. It means standing up for something larger than your self, or embodying the values of a group or nation. A few examples of people with virtue, Abraham Lincoln, Nelson Mandela, or matin Luther king. |